Lab 24: Round and Round

Warm Up: Draw and explain a model to show how the heart pumps blood to the lungs. (skip 4 lines)

Vocabulary :
1. arteries – a tubular structure that carries blood away from the heart

2. blood vessels – tubes that blood travels through

3. circulatory system – is an organ system that moves blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases and helps stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis

4. function – an object’s job or role

5. model – a smaller or larger version of an object that is too small or too big to observe in a classroom

6. structure – what an object is made of and how the object is shaped

7. veins – a tubular structure that carries blood to the heart

Data: Diagram (skip ½ page)

Data: Class Diagram (skip ½ page)

Analysis Questions:
1. How well did your group’s original model work? What changes did you make to improve the model? Discuss how your design showed how the heart pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. (skip 5 lines)

2. a. Draw a diagram of your final model. Use arrows to show which way the water flowed. (skip ½ page)

b. Label the parts of your model that represented various organs, structures, or systems of the human body.

c. Use a red colored pencil to identify which tubing contained blood carrying more oxygen and less carbon dioxide. Use a blue colored pencil to identify which tubing contained blood carrying more carbon dioxide and less oxygen.

4. How does modeling help you understand how things work? (Skip 3 lines)

Yoga Quiz # 1 on Thur. 12-17-09

Corpse – hold 120 sec
Diamond - hold 10 sec
Child – hold 50 sec (go through all the motions)
Lion – hold 10 sec
Camel – hold 10 sec
Bird – hold 10 sec one side & 10 sec other side
Nobel – hold 10 sec
Grasshopper – hold 10 sec 3 times
Cobra – hold 10 sec 2 times
Mountain – hold 50 sec
Eagle – hold 10 sec one side & 10 sec other side
1-Legged - hold 10 sec one side & 10 sec other side

Lab 23: Heart Parts

Vocabulary :
1. Arteries – a tubular structure that carries blood away from the heart

2. Atrium – top 2 chambers of the heart

3. blood vessels – tubes that blood travels through

4. capillaries – are blood vessels with walls so thin that oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste can go back and forth

5. valves – doors that prevent blood from flowing back from where the blood came from

6. veins – a tubular structure that carries blood to the heart

7. ventricle – bottom 2 chambers of the heart

Data: Heart Diagram (skip 1 page)

STT1

STT2

STT3 a.

b.

c.

Analysis Questions:
1. How is the structure of the heart related to its function? (skip 4 lines)

2. What structures prevent blood in the ventricles from backing up into the atria? Why is it important for your heart to have these structures? (skip 4 lines)

3. Explain what is meant by the statement: “the heart is two pumps.” You may want to draw a diagram to support your explanation. (skip 4 lines)

Lab 22: The Heart - A Muscle

Warm Up: What is your heart made of? Can you exercise your heart? How? (skip 4 lines)

Vocabulary:
1. function – an objects job or role

2. model – a smaller or larger version of an object that is too small or too big to observe in a classroom

3. range – from one set value to another set value

4. structure – what an object is made of and how the object is shaped

5. volume – the amount of three dimensional space any gas, liquid, or solid takes up

Data: Chart to record volume of water (skip ½ page)

Analysis Questions:
1. Compare the pressure pump model to what you know about your heart. In what ways do you think the pressure pump is a good model for your heart? What are the weaknesses of the pressure pump as a model for the heart? (skip 4 lines)

2. Use figure 1 on page B62 to find out how much blood your heart pumps per minute based on your height.

a. Record the volume of blood (in liters) pumped by your heart each minute. (skip 2 lines, done in class)

b. Compare the amount of blood your heart pumps each minute to the amount of water you were able to pump: was the amount more or less? By how much? (skip 4 lines, done in class)

3. Describe how hard your heart works by using quantitative and qualitative data from this activity. Hint: Be sure to look at your notes from this activity. (skip 4 lines)

4. Why do you think that exercising regularly decreases your heart rate? (skip 4 lines)

Lab 21: Inside a Pump

Warm Up: What type of pump is better for pumping water? What does this tell you about the structure of your heart?

Vocabulary :
1.function – an objects job or role

2.model – a smaller or larger version of an object that is too small or too big to observe in a classroom

3.structure – what an object is made of and how the object is shaped

Hypothesis: Which pump do you think will work more like the heart (siphon pump or pressure pump)?Why? (skip 3 lines)

Analysis Questions:
1. If you cut lengthwise through each pump, what do you think is inside each pump? Draw a cross-section of both the siphon pump and the pressure pump. Complete the cross-section by drawing and labeling what you think is inside each pump. (skip half a page)

2. On your drawings of the pump cross-sections, add arrows showing which way water flows inside the pump.

3. What made one pump work better than the other? (skip 4 lines)

4. Your heart pumps blood around your body. Would you expect it to work more like the siphon pump or the pressure pump? Explain. (skip 4 lines)

Lab 20: Great Aunt Lily's Will

Warm Up: What is a Will, what do people use Wills for? (skip 3 lines)

Vocabulary :
1. evidence – is something given up in selecting one alternative over another

2. Trade offs - pieces of information gathered in an experiment

Data: Requests for Funding sheet (skip 1 page)

Analysis/Conclusion:
1.Why did you decide to award the money the way you did? (skip 3 lines)

2.What additional information would have helped you make a better decision? (skip 3 lines)

3.What are the trade-offs of choosing only one way (education, research, or treatment) to deal with a public health problem such as heart disease? (skip 4 lines)

4.What effect do you think public education, such as TV, has on people’s behavior? Support your answer with evidence from your own personal experience. (skip 4 lines)

Lab 18: The Circulation Game

Warm Up If you had to compare your circulatory system to an amusement park ride, which ride would you pick and why? (skip 4 lines)

Vocabulary
1. circulatory system - is an organ system that moves blood, nutirents, gases, and waste to and from cells, helps fight diseases and helps stabalize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis

2. nutrients – a substance that nourishes the body

3. absorption – the process of being absorbed; to take in, to soak up

4. function – an objects job or role

5. model – a smaller or larger version of an object that is too small or too big to observe in a classroom

6. organ – a part of the body made of two or more types of tissue that performs a vital or natural function or job

7. structure – what an object is made of and how the object is shaped

8. toxin – a poison produced by bacteria and by plants

9. tissue – a mass of cells of a the same structure and function

Data Diagram of Blood Flow (leave 1 page blank for the diagram)

Reflection What did you learn from this activity? (list at least 3 things that you learned by participating in the circulation game) (skip 4 lines)

Analysis Questions
1. Look at figure 2 on page B44. This is a simplified map of how blood travels around your body. Use your finger to trace one of the possible paths of blood flow. Begin in the left side of the heart (your right) and stop once you reach the left side of the heart again. Be sure to go in the direction of the arrows. Record which organs and structures you passed through in your path. (skip 4 lines)

2. Which organs does the blood have to pass through each time it goes around the human body? Why do you think blood always has to pass through these organs? (skip 6 lines)

3. Complete the following table (skip 8 lines)


4. Compare this circulation model to the human body. How well did the Circulation Game represent what really happens inside your body? (skip 4 lines)

5. Do all parts of the human body use oxygen and nutrients? Explain your answer. (skip 4 lines)

6. Why does blood flow from the stomach and intestines directly to the liver? (skip 4 lines)

7. What are the functions of the blood as it travels around the human body? Be specific. (skip 4 lines)

Lab 19 Heart-ily Fit

Warm Up: When you exercise why do you think your heart beat or your pulse quickens? (skip 3 lines)

Vocabulary :
1. Pulse – measure the speed at which your heart beats

2. Resting pulse – your pulse rate while you are at rest

3. Recovery Time – after exercise how long your pulse takes to return to resting pulse

4. quantitative data – values that have been measured or counted

5. range – from one set value to another set value

6. regulate/regulation – to control according to a rule

7. variable - the one thing that is changing in an experiment

Data: Pulse data sheet (skip 1 page)

Analysis Questions:
1. What happened to your breathing rate during exercise? What was happening inside your body that causes this to happen? (skip 4 lines)

2. Create a graph of your recovery time. (skip a page)

3. If you improved your level of physical fitness, would you expect your resting pulse to increase or decrease? Explain. (skip 4 lines)

Lab 17: Gas Exchange

Warm Up: What gas is required to keep a candle burning? How do you know?

Vocabulary :
1. Indicators – are chemicals that change their appearance in different types of solutions

2. Oxygen – gas that is breathed in and is absorbed by the body

3. Carbon Dioxide – gas that is breathed in and released by organs and muscles in the body and then is exhaled out of the body

4. Respiratory system – all the organs and tissues involved in respiration, including the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lunges

5. Lung – two sponge like breathing organs in the chest

Hypothesis: What do you think will happen to the indicator when you breathe into the indicator?Why? (skip 2 lines)

Data Table: (skip half of a page)

Analysis/Conclusion:
1. What was the purpose of the solution in Cup A?(skip 2 lines)

2.a. Which of the solutions in Part One contained carbon dioxide? Support your answer with evidence form your experimental results. (skip 3 lines)

2.b. What does this tell you about the exhaled breath of human beings?(skip 3 lines)

Lab 15: Digestion- An Absorbing Tale

Warm Up: How does your digestive system work?

Vocabulary:
1. absorption – the collection of a substance onto the surface of an absorbent solid

2. cross-section – a section formed by cutting through an object

3. nutrient – is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow

4. tissue – a group of cells that perform a similar function

5. chemical breakdown – is when particles of food are broken down by chemicals

6. mechanical breakdown – is when food is physically broken into smaller pieces

7. digestion – is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

8. function – an objects job or role

9. organ – a part of the body made of two or more types of tissue that performs a vital or natural function or job

10. toxins – a poison produced by bacteria and by plants

Data:
STT1
a.
b.
STT2
a.
b.
STT3
STT4

Analysis/Conclusion:

1. What are some of the functions of the digestive system?

2. Copy the table below. Then fill in the table by placing an “X” to indicate the functions of each organ. The first row has been done for you.

3. Imagine taking a bite of a burrito. Follow the beans in the burrito through the process of digestion. Explain what types of changes take place and where each change happens.

4. Most substances are absorbed in the small intestine and not in the stomach. Aspirin is a common exceptions; it is absorbed in the stomach. Some alcohol is absorbed in the stomach, but most is absorbed in the intestine.

a. Why would you want medicines, like aspirin, to be absorbed in the stomach instead of the small intestine?

b. What is the effect of some alcohol being absorbed in the stomach?

5. Take a closer look at the villi of the small intestine (figure 2b). How do the villi help nutrients move into the blood quickly? (Hint: What would happen if there were no villi, only a smooth surface?

Lab 14: Breakdown

Warm Up: Why do you think it is important to chew your food?

Vocabulary :
1. chemical breakdown – is when particles of food are broken down by chemicals

2. digestion – is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

3. function – an object’s job or role

4. mechanical breakdown – is when food is physically broken into smaller pieces

5. model – a smaller or larger version of an object that is too small or too big to observe in a classroom

6. organ – a part of the body made of two or more types of tissue that performs a vital or natural function or job

7. surface area – the total area of the exposed surface of an object

Hypothesis: (Which tablet do you think will dissolve quicker a whole, broken in half, broken in fourths, or crushed? Why?)

Data: class created leave ½ page blank

Analysis Questions:
2.a. What part of digestion was modeled by breaking the tablet?

2.b.What part of digestion was modeled by adding vinegar?

3. How does the size of your food affect the speed at which chemical breakdown occurs? Explain how your conclusions are based on the data collected during your experiment, and whether your hypothesis was supported or disproved.

4. Were your conclusion based on qualitative or quantitative data? Explain.

5. Besides preventing choking, why is it important to chew your food?

Lab 13: Living with Your Liver

Warm Up: Where is your liver? What does the liver do?

Vocabulary :
1. organ – a part of the body made of two or more types of tissue that performs a vital or natural function or job

2. regulation/ regulate – to control according to a rule

3. human body systems – Cardiovascular, circulatory, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, digestive, excretory, reproductive, and lymphatic.

4. toxin – a poison produced by bacteria and by plants

Notes: (skip ½ a page for notes)

Analysis Questions:
1. What are some of the functions of the liver?

2. People who have cirrhosis of the liver are usually on a strict diet. They have to be careful of what they eat and drink. Why do you think this is?

3. How can understanding how your body works help you make decisions about your health?

Lab 12: What's happening inside?

Warm Up: Name all of the different body systems that you can think of. Next to each system state what you think the system does for the body.

Vocabulary :
1. function – an objects job or role

2. human body systems – Cardiovascular, circulatory, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, digestive, excretory, reproductive, and lymphatic.

3. model – a smaller or larger version of an object that is too small or too big to observe in a classroom

4. organ – a part of the body made of two or more types of tissue that performs a vital or natural function or job

5. structure – what an object is made of and how the object is shaped

Part One: you need a piece of white construction paper and color pencils

Part Two : you need clay, a plastic body torso, and a piece of plastic wrap

Data: Functions of Human Body Systems (leave 2 pages blank for the papers to be glued in)

Analysis Questions:
1.The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. Was the liver the largest organ in your model? Do you think that the other organs you modeled were accurate in size? Why or why not?

2.Was the model that you created in Part Two a good model of the human body? Why or why not?

3.Prepare a table with headings as shown below. Fill in the first column with the organs or structures listed in Table 1.

a.In the second column of your table, identify the system that matches each organ or structure. For Example, the stomach is part of the digestive system.

b.In the third column of your table, identify the function of each of the systems you mentioned in 3a.

4.What new things have you learned about the human body in this activity?

Lab 11: Sick Day

Warm Up: Have you ever taken an over the counter medication before? Have you ever had a side effect from that medication? What was the side effect? Do you read the labels of over the counter medications? Why or why not?

Vocabulary:
1. evidence – pieces of information gathered in an experiment

2. placebo – a control that simulates a medicine but does not have the active ingredient in it

3. qualitative data – properties or characteristics that are used to identify things

4. quantitative data – values that have been measured or counted

5. trade-offs – is something given up in selecting one alternative over another

Data: Notes on Medicine (skip a page for this)

Analysis/Conclusion:
1. What kinds of information are provided on the labels?

2. Sam decided to make a decision based on the information he has. Think about all of the options available to Sam. He could:

a. Drink liquids and wait until he feels better.

b. Drink liquids and take one of the medicines

c.Drink liquids and take a combination of the medicines

If you were Sam, what would you do? Assume that Sam’s medical history is the same as our own. Support your answer with evidence and identify the trade-offs of your decision. (hint: to write a complete answer, first state your opinion. Provide two or more pieces of evidence that support your opinion. Then consider all sides of the issue and identify the trade-offs of our decision.)

3.Explain whether you used more qualitative or quantitative evidence to make your decision. Support your answer with examples.

4.What are the trade-offs of taking a medicine when you feel sick?

Lab 10: Evaluating Clinical Trials

Lab 10: Evaluating Clinical Trials

Warm Up: Before you would participate in a clinical trial what kinds of things would you want to know about the clinical trial?

Vocabulary:
1. control – the object that does not get changed in an experiment
2. data – information about an object
3. evidence – pieces of information gathered in an experiment
4. hypothesis – a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
5. qualitative – properties or characteristics that are used to identify things
6. quantitative – values that have been measured or counted
7. reproducible – an item that can be created again exactly the way the item was originally
8. sample size – the amount of people that an item is tested on
9. trade-offs – is something given up in selecting one alternative over another
10. variables – the one thing that is changing in an experiment

Elements of Good Experimental Design
- experiment builds on previous research
- experiment describes all steps in procedure clearly and completely
- experiment describes all data to be collected
- experiment keeps all variables, except the one being tested, the same
- experiment includes a control
- experiment has a large sample size
- experiment has enough trials
- experiment can be reproduced by other scientists
- experiment respects human and animal subjects

Reviewer Comments:
1. Name of the Study (skip 1 line)

2. What factors of good experimental design does the study include? (skip 4 lines)

3. What factors of good experimental design does the study not include? (skip 4 lines)

4. Describe any other comments you have about this study: For example, are you satisfied with the quality of background research? Do you think that this area of research is important? Do you have any ethical concerns? (skip 4 lines)

5.Based on the comments you wrote above, would you fund this study as it is currently written? Why? (skip 4 lines)

Analysis/Conclusion:
1. Which study 1through 4 had the best experimental design? Explain.

2.Discuss your funding recommendations with your group. Do you agree on which studies, if any, should be funded? What other concerns do you have?

3.You find out that NIH has only enough money to fund one study and plans to fund the best one. Explain which study you would fund. Support your answer with evidence and identify the trade-offs of your decision. (To write a complete answer, first state your opinion. Provide two or more pieces of evidence that support your opinion. Then consider all sides of the issue and identify the trade-offs of your decision.)

4.Choose one of the studies. Review your comments about its experimental design and think about how the study could be improved. Rewrite the study to include your recommendation for improving the quality of the experiment.

Lab 9 Part Two: Designing Your Own Experiment

What is the purpose of your experiment?

What variable are you testing?

What is your hypothesis?

What variables will you keep the same?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

How many trials will you conduct?

Will you collect qualitative data and/or quantitative data? How will these data help you to reach a conclusion?

How will you record theses data?

Hypothesis:

Procedure:

Data Table:

Mrs. Smith’s approval _________

Analysis Questions:

5. What conclusions can you make based on the results of your experiment? Explain how your conclusions are based on the data collected during your experiment, and whether your hypothesis was supported or disproved.
6.a. In your experiment, what variables did you keep the same?
6.b. Were there any variables (except the one being tested) that you could not keep the same?
6.c. How could you improve the design of your experiment? Explain.

Lab 9 Part 1: Data Toss

Warm Up: There is a person trying to throw a ball into a trash can. Do you think the person should throw the ball underhand or overhand to have the best chance of getting the ball into the trash can? Why?

Vocabulary:
1. Data – information about an object
2. Hypothesis – a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. Qualitative data – properties or characteristics that are used to identify things
4. Quantitative data – values that have been measured or counted
5. Range – a set of values
6. Sample size – the mount of people that an item is tested on
7. Variable – the one thing that is changing in an experiment

Hypothesis:

Variables:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Procedure:

Data Table: My Data on Number of Complete Catches

Data Table: Class Data on Number of Complete Catches

Analysis Questions :
1. Explain whether your own data supported or disproved your hypothesis about the ability to catch a ball with two hands as compared to catching a ball with one hand.

2. Look at the class data
2.a. What was the range of students’ ability to catch a ball with one hand?

2.b. What was the range of students’ ability to catch a ball with two hands?

2.c. Use the class data to explain whether the ability to catch a ball increases when using two hands as compared to one.

3.a. What qualitative data did you collect in this activity?
3.b. What quantitative data did you collect in this activity?
3.c. Which type of data (qualitative or quantitative) was more useful for comparing results among the class members?
4. Your coach asks you whether she should continue to recommend that players on the team catch with two hands. Explain your recommendation and whether it is based on your own data or that of the class.

PE Uniform Requirements

(the uniform cannot have a symbol or writing bigger than a quarter)

Tops
*Color – Navy Blue, Grey, Black, White
*Type – crew neck t-shirt, crew neck sweatshirt
Bottoms
*Color – Navy Blue, Grey, Black, White
*Type – Shorts (need to follow school length policy), sweat pants
Sneakers
* need to have a non-marking bottom

Lab 8: Studying People

Warm Up: What is data? What is data used for?

Vocabulary:
1. Data - information about an object
2. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. Qualitative Data - properties or characteristics that are used to identify things
4. Quantitative Data - values that have been measured or counted
5. Sample Size - the amount of people that an item is tested on

Stt1.
Stt2.
Stt3.
Stt4.
Stt5.a.
Stt5.b.

Analysis Questions:
1.You decided to take a medicine for your upset stomach. You have a choice of two medicines. Both medicines are advertised as safe based on clinical trials. Medicine A was tested on 100 people. Medicine B was tested on 10,000 people.
1.a. Which medicine would you take? Explain.
1.b. Was your decision based on qualitative or quantitative information?

2. A book is needed for this question

3.a. A book is needed for this question

3.b. A book is needed for this question

5. Both qualitative and quantitative data provide evidence for making decisions. How have you used each of these types of data to make decisions? Describe your experiences.

Lab 7: Human Variation

Warm Up: Does everyone have the same ability to see or to hear? How about to feel or to touch? How can we find out the answer to these questions?

Vocabulary:
1. Control - the object that does not get changed in an experiment
2. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. Reproducible - an item that can be created again the way the item was originally
4. Variable - the one thing that is changing in an experiment

Hypothesis: (What is the smallest distance?)

Touch Test Data sheet (1 page empty to glue in data sheet)

Analysis Questions:
1.a. According to your data, what can you conclude about your sensitivity to 2 point touches? How does this conclusion compare with your hypothesis?

1.b. Compare your results with those of your partner. How similar or different are your results?

1.c. Compare your results with those of another pair of students. How similar or different are your results?

4.a. A good experiment is reproducible. What parts of this experiment are reproducible?

4.b. How could this experiment be improved?

Lab 6: Finding the Nerve

Warm Up: Have you ever heard someone say "You are getting on my very last nerve!"? What do you think that statement means? How do you think that statement became popular?

Vocabulary:
1. Nervous system - includes your brain, spinal cord, and nerves
2. Nerves - sends information about the body to the brain
3. Touch Receptors - the nerve endings that detect pressure on your skin

Stt1.a.
Stt1.b.
Stt2.

Analysis Questions:
1.a. Where would you expect to have more touch receptors: on the palm of your hand or on the back of your hand? Explain your ideas.

1.b. Explain how you could test your answer to questions 1a.

2. Review your results from Activity 5, “Can you feel the difference?” Based on what you now know, where on your arm (fingers, palm, or forearm) do you have the fewest touch receptors?

Lab 5: Can You Feel the Difference?

Warm Up: Explain what you think a variable is.

Vocabulary:
1. Variable - the one thing that is changing in an experiment

Observation:
What is more sensitive Finger, Palm, Forearm?

Table 1: Observations of Touch Sensitivity
*Where were you more sensitive?

Analysis Questions:
1. Which part of your arm – your fingers, palm, or forearm – was the most sensitive to touch? What data do you have to support your conclusion?

2. In your group, how many people found fingers to be the most sensitive part of their arm? How many found palms or forearms to be the most sensitive? How similar were different individuals' responses to touch?

3. Why is it important for the person being tested to close his or her eyes?

4. Before scientists make comparisons, it is important that the scientists perform a well-designed experiment. In a well-designed experiment, all of the variables, except the one being tested, are kept the same.

4.a. In your experiment, what variables did you keep the same?

4.b. Were there any variables (except for the one being tested) that you could not keep the same?

Lab 4: Testing Medicines: Scientifically

Warm Up: What did you learn about testing medications from Lab 3? ( give 3)

Vocabulary:
1. clinical trial – Products such as medicines are tested by volunteers before they are made available to the public.
2. control – the object that does not get changed
3. informed consent – the United States has regulations to ensure that each individual is fully informed of the risks and can decide whether to participate.
4. placebo/placebo effect – a control that simulates a medicine but does not have the active ingredient in it
5. trade-offs – is something given up in selecting one alternative over another

Stt1.
Stt2.a.
Stt2.b.
Stt3.a.
Stt3.b.
Stt3.c.
Stt4.

Analysis Questions:
1. In clinical trials of medications, why is one group of volunteers given a placebo? Explain.

2. Activity 3, "Testing Medicines: Clinical Trial," simulate a clinical trial that investigated whether a headache medicine was effective. A person reporting a better or worse taste with the blue lemon drink (compared with the yellow lemon drink) represented a person feeling better after taking a pill for headache relief. In the simulation:

a. What represented the medicine?

b. What represented the placebo?

c. Look at your data, how many people experienced the placebo effect?

d. Look at your data, how many people in the placebo group were unaffected by the placebo?

3. Imagine a clinical trial to test a treatment for serious illnesses, such as heart disease or cancer. What is the trade-off for giving placebos to some people participating in this clinical trial? What is the benefit for giving placebos to some people participating in this clinical trial?

Lab 3: Testing Medicines: A Clinical Trial

Warm Up: What is a clinical trial? What types of things are clinical trials used for?

Vocabulary:
1. clinical trial – products such as medicines are tested by volunteers before they are made available to the public.
2. control – the object that does not get changed in an experiment
3. evidence – pieces of information gathered in an experiment
4. placebo – a control that simulates a medicine but does not have the active ingredient in it
5. sample size – the size of people that a medicine is tested on
6. simulate/simulation – is an experience that is meant to mimic, or be like, another experience
7. trade-offs - is something given up in selecting one alternative over another

Sample Group Number _______

Table 1

Bar Graph: Analysis of Clinical Trial

Analysis Questions:
1. What evidence do you have that the medicine does or does not work to improve headaches?

2.a. What is a placebo?

2.b. Why is a placebo group included in clinical trials?

3. In this activity, if a person finds that the drink tastes worse, the headache is gone, but there are side effects.

3.a. Assume that the side effects are mild, such as a slight stomachache. Explain why this medicine should or should not be sold to people suffering from a headache. Are there any trade-offs involved in your decision?

3.b. What if the side effects were serious, such as nausea and vomiting? Explain why this medicine should or should not be sold to people suffering from a headache. Are there any trade-offs involved in your decision?

Lab 2: The Pellagra Story

Warm Up: How is Science used to study people?

Vocabulary:
1. ethics - beliefs of what is right and wrong
2. hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. evidence - pieces of information gathered in an experiment
4. observation - pieces of information gathered by using the 5 senses
5. Inferences - a prediction based off of an observation
6. trade-offs - is something given up in selecting one alternative over another

Table 1: Notes on the Pellagra Story
A. What was the symptoms of pellagra?
B. What did people think caused pellagra?
C. What evidence did Dr. Goldberger observe or collect about pellagra?
D. What did Dr. Goldberger conclude about the cause of pellagra?

Analysis Questions:
1.a. What was the first step in Dr. Goldberger’s research into pellagra? Explain why this step was important in developing his hypothesis.

1.b. During this first step in Dr. Goldberger’s research, what evidence did Dr. Goldberger find that suggested that pellagra was not caused by germs?

2.a. What was Dr. Goldberger’s hypothesis about the cause of pellagra?

2.b. What did Dr. Goldberger do to provide evidence of the relationship between pellagra and nutrition? Explain how Dr. Goldberger’s research provided evidence that supported his hypothesis. Explain how Dr. Goldberger’s research provided evidence that disproved his hypothesis.

2.c. How could Dr. Goldberger have provided more convincing evidence of the relationship between pellagra and nutrition?

3. Why didn't people believe Dr. Goldberger's conclusion about the cause of pellagra? Give two reasons.

5. To investigate his hypothesis, Dr. Glodberger had prisoners volunteer to be fed a poor diet; as a result 7 out of 11 prisoners developed pellagra. What do you think about Dr. Goldberger's decision to experiment on people? Support your answer with evidence and identify the trade-offs of your decision.

6. How do people in different careers solve problems? Scientists, plumbers, engineers, auto mechanics, nurses, teachers, and many other workers solve problems. Choose two careers that interest you. Describe the kind of problems you think people face in these careers. Describe how you think they solve them.

Lab 1: Save Fred

Warm Up: How do you solve problems? Do your ways of solving problems depend on the kind of problems you have to solve? How do scientists solve problems? Do you know of any methods that scientists use to solve problems? How do scientist use that method?

Vocabulary:
1. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
2. Procedure - step by step detailed directions of an experiment

*Follow the 3 rules*

What did you do to save Fred?

Analysis Questions:
1. You can solve problems in many different ways. In fact, you may use more than one way to solve a single problem. You can
*develop a plan
*find a pattern
*draw a picture or a diagram
*act out the problem
*make a list
*guess and test
*work backward
*write an equation
*construct a table or graph
*simplify the problem
*use objects to model the problem
Which of these ways did you and your partner use to save Fred?

3. People face problems in their lives every day. What did you learn from this activity that you can use to solve other problems?