Warm Up: What is data? What is data used for?
Vocabulary:
1. Data - information about an object
2. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. Qualitative Data - properties or characteristics that are used to identify things
4. Quantitative Data - values that have been measured or counted
5. Sample Size - the amount of people that an item is tested on
Stt1.
Stt2.
Stt3.
Stt4.
Stt5.a.
Stt5.b.
Analysis Questions:
1.You decided to take a medicine for your upset stomach. You have a choice of two medicines. Both medicines are advertised as safe based on clinical trials. Medicine A was tested on 100 people. Medicine B was tested on 10,000 people.
1.a. Which medicine would you take? Explain.
1.b. Was your decision based on qualitative or quantitative information?
2. A book is needed for this question
3.a. A book is needed for this question
3.b. A book is needed for this question
5. Both qualitative and quantitative data provide evidence for making decisions. How have you used each of these types of data to make decisions? Describe your experiences.
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
Lab 7: Human Variation
Warm Up: Does everyone have the same ability to see or to hear? How about to feel or to touch? How can we find out the answer to these questions?
Vocabulary:
1. Control - the object that does not get changed in an experiment
2. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. Reproducible - an item that can be created again the way the item was originally
4. Variable - the one thing that is changing in an experiment
Hypothesis: (What is the smallest distance?)
Touch Test Data sheet (1 page empty to glue in data sheet)
Analysis Questions:
1.a. According to your data, what can you conclude about your sensitivity to 2 point touches? How does this conclusion compare with your hypothesis?
1.b. Compare your results with those of your partner. How similar or different are your results?
1.c. Compare your results with those of another pair of students. How similar or different are your results?
4.a. A good experiment is reproducible. What parts of this experiment are reproducible?
4.b. How could this experiment be improved?
Vocabulary:
1. Control - the object that does not get changed in an experiment
2. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. Reproducible - an item that can be created again the way the item was originally
4. Variable - the one thing that is changing in an experiment
Hypothesis: (What is the smallest distance?)
Touch Test Data sheet (1 page empty to glue in data sheet)
Analysis Questions:
1.a. According to your data, what can you conclude about your sensitivity to 2 point touches? How does this conclusion compare with your hypothesis?
1.b. Compare your results with those of your partner. How similar or different are your results?
1.c. Compare your results with those of another pair of students. How similar or different are your results?
4.a. A good experiment is reproducible. What parts of this experiment are reproducible?
4.b. How could this experiment be improved?
Lab 6: Finding the Nerve
Warm Up: Have you ever heard someone say "You are getting on my very last nerve!"? What do you think that statement means? How do you think that statement became popular?
Vocabulary:
1. Nervous system - includes your brain, spinal cord, and nerves
2. Nerves - sends information about the body to the brain
3. Touch Receptors - the nerve endings that detect pressure on your skin
Stt1.a.
Stt1.b.
Stt2.
Analysis Questions:
1.a. Where would you expect to have more touch receptors: on the palm of your hand or on the back of your hand? Explain your ideas.
1.b. Explain how you could test your answer to questions 1a.
2. Review your results from Activity 5, “Can you feel the difference?” Based on what you now know, where on your arm (fingers, palm, or forearm) do you have the fewest touch receptors?
Vocabulary:
1. Nervous system - includes your brain, spinal cord, and nerves
2. Nerves - sends information about the body to the brain
3. Touch Receptors - the nerve endings that detect pressure on your skin
Stt1.a.
Stt1.b.
Stt2.
Analysis Questions:
1.a. Where would you expect to have more touch receptors: on the palm of your hand or on the back of your hand? Explain your ideas.
1.b. Explain how you could test your answer to questions 1a.
2. Review your results from Activity 5, “Can you feel the difference?” Based on what you now know, where on your arm (fingers, palm, or forearm) do you have the fewest touch receptors?
Lab 5: Can You Feel the Difference?
Warm Up: Explain what you think a variable is.
Vocabulary:
1. Variable - the one thing that is changing in an experiment
Observation:
What is more sensitive Finger, Palm, Forearm?
Table 1: Observations of Touch Sensitivity
*Where were you more sensitive?
Analysis Questions:
1. Which part of your arm – your fingers, palm, or forearm – was the most sensitive to touch? What data do you have to support your conclusion?
2. In your group, how many people found fingers to be the most sensitive part of their arm? How many found palms or forearms to be the most sensitive? How similar were different individuals' responses to touch?
3. Why is it important for the person being tested to close his or her eyes?
4. Before scientists make comparisons, it is important that the scientists perform a well-designed experiment. In a well-designed experiment, all of the variables, except the one being tested, are kept the same.
4.a. In your experiment, what variables did you keep the same?
4.b. Were there any variables (except for the one being tested) that you could not keep the same?
Vocabulary:
1. Variable - the one thing that is changing in an experiment
Observation:
What is more sensitive Finger, Palm, Forearm?
Table 1: Observations of Touch Sensitivity
*Where were you more sensitive?
Analysis Questions:
1. Which part of your arm – your fingers, palm, or forearm – was the most sensitive to touch? What data do you have to support your conclusion?
2. In your group, how many people found fingers to be the most sensitive part of their arm? How many found palms or forearms to be the most sensitive? How similar were different individuals' responses to touch?
3. Why is it important for the person being tested to close his or her eyes?
4. Before scientists make comparisons, it is important that the scientists perform a well-designed experiment. In a well-designed experiment, all of the variables, except the one being tested, are kept the same.
4.a. In your experiment, what variables did you keep the same?
4.b. Were there any variables (except for the one being tested) that you could not keep the same?
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Lab 4: Testing Medicines: Scientifically
Warm Up: What did you learn about testing medications from Lab 3? ( give 3)
Vocabulary:
1. clinical trial – Products such as medicines are tested by volunteers before they are made available to the public.
2. control – the object that does not get changed
3. informed consent – the United States has regulations to ensure that each individual is fully informed of the risks and can decide whether to participate.
4. placebo/placebo effect – a control that simulates a medicine but does not have the active ingredient in it
5. trade-offs – is something given up in selecting one alternative over another
Stt1.
Stt2.a.
Stt2.b.
Stt3.a.
Stt3.b.
Stt3.c.
Stt4.
Analysis Questions:
1. In clinical trials of medications, why is one group of volunteers given a placebo? Explain.
2. Activity 3, "Testing Medicines: Clinical Trial," simulate a clinical trial that investigated whether a headache medicine was effective. A person reporting a better or worse taste with the blue lemon drink (compared with the yellow lemon drink) represented a person feeling better after taking a pill for headache relief. In the simulation:
a. What represented the medicine?
b. What represented the placebo?
c. Look at your data, how many people experienced the placebo effect?
d. Look at your data, how many people in the placebo group were unaffected by the placebo?
3. Imagine a clinical trial to test a treatment for serious illnesses, such as heart disease or cancer. What is the trade-off for giving placebos to some people participating in this clinical trial? What is the benefit for giving placebos to some people participating in this clinical trial?
Vocabulary:
1. clinical trial – Products such as medicines are tested by volunteers before they are made available to the public.
2. control – the object that does not get changed
3. informed consent – the United States has regulations to ensure that each individual is fully informed of the risks and can decide whether to participate.
4. placebo/placebo effect – a control that simulates a medicine but does not have the active ingredient in it
5. trade-offs – is something given up in selecting one alternative over another
Stt1.
Stt2.a.
Stt2.b.
Stt3.a.
Stt3.b.
Stt3.c.
Stt4.
Analysis Questions:
1. In clinical trials of medications, why is one group of volunteers given a placebo? Explain.
2. Activity 3, "Testing Medicines: Clinical Trial," simulate a clinical trial that investigated whether a headache medicine was effective. A person reporting a better or worse taste with the blue lemon drink (compared with the yellow lemon drink) represented a person feeling better after taking a pill for headache relief. In the simulation:
a. What represented the medicine?
b. What represented the placebo?
c. Look at your data, how many people experienced the placebo effect?
d. Look at your data, how many people in the placebo group were unaffected by the placebo?
3. Imagine a clinical trial to test a treatment for serious illnesses, such as heart disease or cancer. What is the trade-off for giving placebos to some people participating in this clinical trial? What is the benefit for giving placebos to some people participating in this clinical trial?
Lab 3: Testing Medicines: A Clinical Trial
Warm Up: What is a clinical trial? What types of things are clinical trials used for?
Vocabulary:
1. clinical trial – products such as medicines are tested by volunteers before they are made available to the public.
2. control – the object that does not get changed in an experiment
3. evidence – pieces of information gathered in an experiment
4. placebo – a control that simulates a medicine but does not have the active ingredient in it
5. sample size – the size of people that a medicine is tested on
6. simulate/simulation – is an experience that is meant to mimic, or be like, another experience
7. trade-offs - is something given up in selecting one alternative over another
Sample Group Number _______
Table 1
Bar Graph: Analysis of Clinical Trial
Analysis Questions:
1. What evidence do you have that the medicine does or does not work to improve headaches?
2.a. What is a placebo?
2.b. Why is a placebo group included in clinical trials?
3. In this activity, if a person finds that the drink tastes worse, the headache is gone, but there are side effects.
3.a. Assume that the side effects are mild, such as a slight stomachache. Explain why this medicine should or should not be sold to people suffering from a headache. Are there any trade-offs involved in your decision?
3.b. What if the side effects were serious, such as nausea and vomiting? Explain why this medicine should or should not be sold to people suffering from a headache. Are there any trade-offs involved in your decision?
Vocabulary:
1. clinical trial – products such as medicines are tested by volunteers before they are made available to the public.
2. control – the object that does not get changed in an experiment
3. evidence – pieces of information gathered in an experiment
4. placebo – a control that simulates a medicine but does not have the active ingredient in it
5. sample size – the size of people that a medicine is tested on
6. simulate/simulation – is an experience that is meant to mimic, or be like, another experience
7. trade-offs - is something given up in selecting one alternative over another
Sample Group Number _______
Table 1
Bar Graph: Analysis of Clinical Trial
Analysis Questions:
1. What evidence do you have that the medicine does or does not work to improve headaches?
2.a. What is a placebo?
2.b. Why is a placebo group included in clinical trials?
3. In this activity, if a person finds that the drink tastes worse, the headache is gone, but there are side effects.
3.a. Assume that the side effects are mild, such as a slight stomachache. Explain why this medicine should or should not be sold to people suffering from a headache. Are there any trade-offs involved in your decision?
3.b. What if the side effects were serious, such as nausea and vomiting? Explain why this medicine should or should not be sold to people suffering from a headache. Are there any trade-offs involved in your decision?
Lab 2: The Pellagra Story
Warm Up: How is Science used to study people?
Vocabulary:
1. ethics - beliefs of what is right and wrong
2. hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. evidence - pieces of information gathered in an experiment
4. observation - pieces of information gathered by using the 5 senses
5. Inferences - a prediction based off of an observation
6. trade-offs - is something given up in selecting one alternative over another
Table 1: Notes on the Pellagra Story
A. What was the symptoms of pellagra?
B. What did people think caused pellagra?
C. What evidence did Dr. Goldberger observe or collect about pellagra?
D. What did Dr. Goldberger conclude about the cause of pellagra?
Analysis Questions:
1.a. What was the first step in Dr. Goldberger’s research into pellagra? Explain why this step was important in developing his hypothesis.
1.b. During this first step in Dr. Goldberger’s research, what evidence did Dr. Goldberger find that suggested that pellagra was not caused by germs?
2.a. What was Dr. Goldberger’s hypothesis about the cause of pellagra?
2.b. What did Dr. Goldberger do to provide evidence of the relationship between pellagra and nutrition? Explain how Dr. Goldberger’s research provided evidence that supported his hypothesis. Explain how Dr. Goldberger’s research provided evidence that disproved his hypothesis.
2.c. How could Dr. Goldberger have provided more convincing evidence of the relationship between pellagra and nutrition?
3. Why didn't people believe Dr. Goldberger's conclusion about the cause of pellagra? Give two reasons.
5. To investigate his hypothesis, Dr. Glodberger had prisoners volunteer to be fed a poor diet; as a result 7 out of 11 prisoners developed pellagra. What do you think about Dr. Goldberger's decision to experiment on people? Support your answer with evidence and identify the trade-offs of your decision.
6. How do people in different careers solve problems? Scientists, plumbers, engineers, auto mechanics, nurses, teachers, and many other workers solve problems. Choose two careers that interest you. Describe the kind of problems you think people face in these careers. Describe how you think they solve them.
Vocabulary:
1. ethics - beliefs of what is right and wrong
2. hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
3. evidence - pieces of information gathered in an experiment
4. observation - pieces of information gathered by using the 5 senses
5. Inferences - a prediction based off of an observation
6. trade-offs - is something given up in selecting one alternative over another
Table 1: Notes on the Pellagra Story
A. What was the symptoms of pellagra?
B. What did people think caused pellagra?
C. What evidence did Dr. Goldberger observe or collect about pellagra?
D. What did Dr. Goldberger conclude about the cause of pellagra?
Analysis Questions:
1.a. What was the first step in Dr. Goldberger’s research into pellagra? Explain why this step was important in developing his hypothesis.
1.b. During this first step in Dr. Goldberger’s research, what evidence did Dr. Goldberger find that suggested that pellagra was not caused by germs?
2.a. What was Dr. Goldberger’s hypothesis about the cause of pellagra?
2.b. What did Dr. Goldberger do to provide evidence of the relationship between pellagra and nutrition? Explain how Dr. Goldberger’s research provided evidence that supported his hypothesis. Explain how Dr. Goldberger’s research provided evidence that disproved his hypothesis.
2.c. How could Dr. Goldberger have provided more convincing evidence of the relationship between pellagra and nutrition?
3. Why didn't people believe Dr. Goldberger's conclusion about the cause of pellagra? Give two reasons.
5. To investigate his hypothesis, Dr. Glodberger had prisoners volunteer to be fed a poor diet; as a result 7 out of 11 prisoners developed pellagra. What do you think about Dr. Goldberger's decision to experiment on people? Support your answer with evidence and identify the trade-offs of your decision.
6. How do people in different careers solve problems? Scientists, plumbers, engineers, auto mechanics, nurses, teachers, and many other workers solve problems. Choose two careers that interest you. Describe the kind of problems you think people face in these careers. Describe how you think they solve them.
Lab 1: Save Fred
Warm Up: How do you solve problems? Do your ways of solving problems depend on the kind of problems you have to solve? How do scientists solve problems? Do you know of any methods that scientists use to solve problems? How do scientist use that method?
Vocabulary:
1. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
2. Procedure - step by step detailed directions of an experiment
*Follow the 3 rules*
What did you do to save Fred?
Analysis Questions:
1. You can solve problems in many different ways. In fact, you may use more than one way to solve a single problem. You can
*develop a plan
*find a pattern
*draw a picture or a diagram
*act out the problem
*make a list
*guess and test
*work backward
*write an equation
*construct a table or graph
*simplify the problem
*use objects to model the problem
Which of these ways did you and your partner use to save Fred?
3. People face problems in their lives every day. What did you learn from this activity that you can use to solve other problems?
Vocabulary:
1. Hypothesis - a scientific prediction based off of previous knowledge of a subject
2. Procedure - step by step detailed directions of an experiment
*Follow the 3 rules*
What did you do to save Fred?
Analysis Questions:
1. You can solve problems in many different ways. In fact, you may use more than one way to solve a single problem. You can
*develop a plan
*find a pattern
*draw a picture or a diagram
*act out the problem
*make a list
*guess and test
*work backward
*write an equation
*construct a table or graph
*simplify the problem
*use objects to model the problem
Which of these ways did you and your partner use to save Fred?
3. People face problems in their lives every day. What did you learn from this activity that you can use to solve other problems?
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)